A patch refers to a MPQ file, which you can create for example with Ladik's MPQEditor. As long as it is in wow/data/patch-x.mpq where x is a letter or number, noggit will pick it up. Note that MPQ loading is ordered, so wow/data/patch-x.mpq's contents will be overwritten by wow/data/patch-y.mpq or wow/data/enus/patch-2-enus.mpq, where your map.dbc likely comes from, so in your case you probably want to put your patch into wow/data/enus/patch-high number-enus.mpq.
The alternative is to have unpacked files in the project directory you specified noggit to use. Note that this will not show up ingame then.
As for your second post, there are multiple wrong things:
game path should not contain enus or data, iirc
project path should not contain the path to your adits, only the root of the files, i.e. g\Projects\NewAzeroth\ in your case.
The MPQ being locked likely comes from having a different editor, like noggit, or the game itself open. Closing it should make it writable.